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Causes
By Mayo Clinic staffWhile the exact cause of ADHD remains a mystery, it increasingly appears that structural changes in the brain are linked to the disorder. Here are several factors that may play a role in developing ADHD:
- Altered brain function and anatomy. Brain scans have revealed important differences in the structure and brain activity of people with ADHD. For example, people with ADHD appear to have less activity in the area of the brain that controls attention than people who don't have ADHD.
- Inherited traits. ADHD can run in families.
- Maternal smoking, drug use and exposure to toxins. Pregnant women who smoke, drink alcohol or use drugs are at increased risk of having children with ADHD. Likewise, women exposed to environmental poisons during pregnancy — such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) — may be more likely to have children with symptoms of ADHD.
- Childhood exposure to environmental toxins. Preschool children exposed to certain toxins are at increased risk of developmental and behavioral problems. Exposure to lead, which is found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings, has been linked to disruptive and even violent behavior and to a short attention span.
References
- Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov. Accessed Oct. 22, 2009.
- Kates N. Attention deficit disorder in adults: Management in primary care. Canadian Family Physician. 2005;5:53.
- Kolar D, et al. Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2008;4:389.
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. http://www.psychiatryonline.com. Accessed Oct. 22, 2009.
- Dodson WW. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. In: Jacobson JL, et al. Psychiatric Secrets. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Hanley & Belfus; 2001. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/170825310-4/0/1167/120.html?tocnode=49275872&fromURL=120.html#4-u1.0-B1-56053-418-4..50059-5_1165. Accessed Sept. 22, 2009.
- Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. July 11, 2009.
- Plizska S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2007;46:894.
- Martinez M, et al. Psychopharmacology. In: Hales RE. Textbook of Psychiatry. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=320457&searchStr=antidepressive+agents. Accessed Oct. 22, 2009.
- Weber W, et al. Complementary and alternative medical therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2007;54:983.
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