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Symptoms
By Mayo Clinic staff
There are three types of anthrax, each with different signs and symptoms. In most cases, symptoms develop within seven days of exposure to the bacteria.
Cutaneous anthrax
This form of anthrax enters your body through a cut or other sore on your skin. It's by far the most common form of the disease. It's also the mildest — with appropriate treatment, cutaneous anthrax is seldom fatal. Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax include:
- A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center
- Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands
Gastrointestinal anthrax
You contract this form of anthrax by eating undercooked meat from an infected animal. Signs and symptoms include:
- Nausea
- Vomiting, which is often bloody in the later stages of the disease
- Loss of appetite
- Fever
- Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease
- Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
- Swollen neck
Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax
Inhalation anthrax develops when you breathe in anthrax spores. It's the most deadly form of the disease and even with treatment is often fatal. Initial signs and symptoms of inhalation anthrax include:
- Flu-like symptoms, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, which may last a few hours or days
- Mild chest discomfort
As the disease progresses, you may experience:
- High fever
- Trouble breathing
- Shock
- Meningitis — a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
When to seek medical advice
Many common illnesses start with symptoms that resemble the flu. Anthrax is rare in the developed world, and the chances that your sore throat and aching muscles are due to anthrax are extremely small.
If you think you may have been exposed — for example, if you work in an environment where anthrax is likely to occur — see a doctor immediately for evaluation and care. If you develop signs and symptoms of the disorder after exposure to animals or animal products in parts of the world where anthrax is common, seek prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.
- Anthrax. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/anthrax_gi.html. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Anthrax Q & A: Anthrax & influenza. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/flu.asp. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Anthrax Q & A: Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/vaccination.asp. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Shadomy SV, et al. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of anthrax. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Shadomy SV, et al. Treatment and prevention of anthrax. http://uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Anthrax Q & A: Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/diagnosis.asp. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Anthrax. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccine/anthrax.htm. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Questions and answers about anthrax. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/index.asp. Accessed March 23, 2009.
- Manano N, et al. Effects of a reduced dose schedule and intramuscular administration of anthrax vaccine adsorbed on immunogenicity and safety at 7 months: A retrospective study. JAMA. 2008;300:1532.
- Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides - Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a4.htm. Accessed March 30, 2009.
- Meyer MA. Neurologic complications of anthrax: A review of the literature. Archives of Neurology. 2003;60:483.
- Anthrax Q and A: Preventive therapy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/preventive.asp. Accessed March 29, 2009.
