Cardiac ischemia

What is cardiac ischemia? How serious is it?

- Ruth / Virginia

Mayo Clinic cardiologist Martha Grogan, M.D., and colleagues answer select questions from readers.

Answer

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Cardiac ischemia

Cardiac ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery. A sudden, severe blockage may lead to a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Cardiac ischemia may also cause a serious abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), which can cause fainting or even sudden death.

Typical signs and symptoms of cardiac ischemia include:

Chest pain (angina pectoris)
Neck or jaw pain
Arm pain
Clammy skin
Shortness of breath
Nausea and vomiting

In some people, especially those with diabetes, cardiac ischemia may cause no signs or symptoms.

A doctor may make a diagnosis of cardiac ischemia based on:

Medical history
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Stress test
X-rays of coronary arteries (coronary angiogram)

Treatment is directed at improving blood flow to the heart muscle and may include:

Medication such as aspirin, beta blockers and nitrates. During a heart attack, thrombolytic agents, or "clot busters," may be used.
Angioplasty or stent placement (percutaneous coronary intervention, or PCI).
Coronary artery bypass surgery.

Exercise may improve blood flow to the heart muscle after the condition is stabilized.