Chronic exertional compartment syndrome

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Definition Symptoms Causes Risk factors When to seek medical advice

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Definition

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an exercise-induced neuromuscular condition that causes pain, swelling and sometimes even disability in affected muscles of the legs or arms. The condition can occur in both beginning and seasoned athletes in sports that involve repetitive movements, such as running, fast walking, biking and swimming. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is sometimes called chronic compartment syndrome or exercise-induced compartment syndrome.

In chronic exertional compartment syndrome, the repetitive activity causes tissue in the affected muscle area, or compartment, to swell. That, in turn, increases pressure within the compartment, leading to a decreased blood supply to the muscles. This can cause injury to the muscle and nerves, sometimes resulting in permanent damage.

People with chronic exertional compartment syndrome typically experience pain that begins with activity, progressively worsens and then stops when at rest. As the condition worsens, however, the pain can take longer to subside.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is uncommon and sometimes goes undiagnosed. It's not known how many people may be affected, but the number of diagnosed cases has been rising in recent years. The condition seems to affect primarily young athletes in their 20s, although younger and older people also can develop the condition.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, partly because the affected limbs generally look perfectly normal — they may not even appear swollen. Unfortunately, conservative treatments typically aren't helpful. However, surgery to open the compartment and decrease pressure is usually highly successful, allowing recreational and serious athletes alike to return to their cherished sports.

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Symptoms