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Tests and diagnosis
By Mayo Clinic staffBabies born with Hunter syndrome almost always appear healthy at birth. Changes in facial features are often the first noticeable sign that something's not right.
To confirm the diagnosis of Hunter syndrome, your doctor will perform blood, urine or tissue sample tests that look for excess glycosaminoglycans in your child's urine or a deficiency of enzymes in your child's body fluids or cells. In addition, a genetic analysis can confirm the diagnosis.
Sometimes another health issue can lead to a diagnosis of Hunter syndrome. For example, if your child has recurrent pneumonia, a chest X-ray may show irregularly shaped vertebrae and ribs, a common sign of this syndrome. This finding could lead to further testing and an earlier diagnosis of the disease. However, because the disorder progresses slowly and its signs and symptoms overlap with a number of other disorders, definitive diagnosis may take some time.
Prenatal testing
Prenatal testing of the fluid that surrounds the baby (amniocentesis) or of a tissue sample from the placenta (chorionic villus sampling) can verify if your unborn child carries a copy of the defective gene or is affected with the disorder.
- Scarpa, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II: European recommendations for the diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of a rare disease. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2011;6:1.
- Martin R, et al. Recognition and diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter syndrome). Pediatrics. 2008;121:e377.
- Mucopolysaccharidoses fact sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/mucopolysaccharidoses/detail_mucopolysaccharidoses.htm. Accessed Oct. 11, 2012.
- Kakkis E, et al. Complications and management of the mucopolysaccharidoses. http://www.uptodate.com/ index. Accessed Sept. 21, 2012.
- Muenzer J, et al. Multidisciplinary management of Hunter syndrome. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e1228.
- Da Silva EMK, et al. Enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase for mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011; 9:CD008185. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008185.pub2/abstract. Accessed Oct. 1, 2012.
- Valayannopoulos V, et al. Therapy for the mucopolysaccharidoses. Rheumatology. 2011;50:v49.
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