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Organic foods: Are they safer? More nutritious?
Discover the real difference between organic foods and their traditionally grown counterparts when it comes to nutrition, safety and price.
By Mayo Clinic staffOnce found only in health food stores, organic food is now a regular feature at most supermarkets. And that's created a bit of a dilemma in the produce aisle. On one hand, you have a conventionally grown apple. On the other, you have one that's organic. Both apples are firm, shiny and red. Both provide vitamins and fiber, and both are free of fat, sodium and cholesterol. Which should you choose?
Conventionally grown produce generally costs less, but is organic food safer or more nutritious? Get the facts before you shop.
Conventional vs. organic farming
The word "organic" refers to the way farmers grow and process agricultural products, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products and meat. Organic farming practices are designed to encourage soil and water conservation and reduce pollution. Farmers who grow organic produce and meat don't use conventional methods to fertilize, control weeds or prevent livestock disease. For example, rather than using chemical weedkillers, organic farmers may conduct more sophisticated crop rotations and spread mulch or manure to keep weeds at bay.
Here are some key differences between conventional farming and organic farming:
| Conventional | Organic |
|---|---|
| Apply chemical fertilizers to promote plant growth. | Apply natural fertilizers, such as manure or compost, to feed soil and plants. |
| Spray synthetic insecticides to reduce pests and disease. | Spray pesticides from natural sources; use beneficial insects and birds, mating disruption or traps to reduce pests and disease. |
| Use synthetic herbicides to manage weeds. | Use environmentally-generated plant-killing compounds; rotate crops, till, hand weed or mulch to manage weeds. |
| Give animals antibiotics, growth hormones and medications to prevent disease and spur growth. | Give animals organic feed and allow them access to the outdoors. Use preventive measures — such as rotational grazing, a balanced diet and clean housing — to help minimize disease. |
Organic or not? Check the label
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established an organic certification program that requires all organic foods to meet strict government standards. These standards regulate how such foods are grown, handled and processed.
Any product labeled as organic must be USDA certified. Only producers who sell less than $5,000 a year in organic foods are exempt from this certification; however, they're still required to follow the USDA's standards for organic foods.
If a food bears a USDA Organic label, it means it's produced and processed according to the USDA standards. The seal is voluntary, but many organic producers use it.
Products that are completely organic — such as fruits, vegetables, eggs or other single-ingredient foods — are labeled 100 percent organic and can carry the USDA seal.
Foods that have more than one ingredient, such as breakfast cereal, can use the USDA organic seal plus the following wording, depending on the number of organic ingredients:
- 100 percent organic. To use this phrase, products must be either completely organic or made of all organic ingredients.
- Organic. Products must be at least 95 percent organic to use this term.
Products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients may say "made with organic ingredients" on the label, but may not use the seal. Foods containing less than 70 percent organic ingredients can't use the seal or the word "organic" on their product labels. They can include the organic items in their ingredient list, however.
Do 'organic' and 'natural' mean the same thing?
No, "natural" and "organic" are not interchangeable terms. You may see "natural" and other terms such as "all natural," "free-range" or "hormone-free" on food labels. These descriptions must be truthful, but don't confuse them with the term "organic." Only foods that are grown and processed according to USDA organic standards can be labeled organic.
Next page(1 of 2)
- Organic production and handling standards. U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3004445&acct=nopgeninfo. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Organic labeling and marketing information. U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3004446&acct=nopgeninfo. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Pesticide and food: Healthy, sensible food practices. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/tips.htm. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Are there fewer pesticide residues on organic foods than on conventionally grown foods? U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/faq/BuyOrganicFoodsC.shtml. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Can I make a label bearing both organic and natural claims? U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://askfsis.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/85. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Dangour AD, et al. Nutrition-related health effects of organic foods: A systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;92:203.
- Are organic foods more environmentally friendly than non-organic foods? U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/faq/BuyOrganicFoodsD.shtml. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Shopper's guide to pesticides. Environmental Working Group. http://static.foodnews.org/pdf/EWG-shoppers-guide.pdf. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Advising consumers about organic foods and healthful eating. American Dietetic Association. http://www.eatright.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=10595. Accessed May 18, 2011.
- Safety tips for fresh fruits and vegetables. American Dietetic Association. http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=6442462192&terms=fresh. Accessed May 19, 2011.
- Pesticides and food: What 'organically grown' means. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/food/organics.htm. Accessed Aug. 31, 2012.
- Organic herbicide update. ? U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=235410. Accessed Aug. 31, 2012.
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