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Causes
By Mayo Clinic staffThere's no single cause for postpartum depression. Physical, emotional and lifestyle factors may all play a role.
- Physical changes. After childbirth, a dramatic drop in hormones in your body (estrogen and progesterone) may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. Changes in your blood volume, blood pressure, immune system and metabolism can be further stresses that contribute to fatigue and mood swings.
- Emotional factors. When you're sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive or struggle with your sense of identity. You may feel that you've lost control over your life. Any of these factors can contribute to postpartum depression.
- Lifestyle influences. Many lifestyle factors can lead to postpartum depression, including a demanding baby or older siblings, difficulty breast-feeding, exhaustion, financial problems, and lack of support from your partner or other loved ones.
In addition, some women may be genetically more vulnerable than others to postpartum depression. However, it's not clear whether hereditary factors that increase a woman's risk of postpartum depression are different from those that increase her risk of depression overall.
- Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): PRAMS and postpartum depression. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/prams/PPD.htm. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Depression during and after pregnancy. National Institutes of Health. http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/depression-pregnancy.cfm. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Pearlstein T, et al. Postpartum depression. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009;4:357.
- Lusskin SI, et al. Postpartum blues and depression. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Wisner KL, et al. Psychiatric disorders. In: Gabbe SG, et al. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone; Maryland Heights, Mo.: 2007. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/187831438-3/0/1528/496.html#4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06930-7..50052-9--cesec15_2201. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Depression. National Institutes of Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Mischoulon D. Update and critique of natural remedies as antidepressant treatments. Obstetric and Gynecologic Clinics of North America. 2009;36:789.
- Shyn SI, et al. The genetics of major depression: Moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2010;33:125.
- Major depressive episode. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. http://www.psychiatryonline.com. Accessed March 10, 2010.
- Harms RW (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. April 7, 2010.
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