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Symptoms
By Mayo Clinic staff
Spina bifida occurs in three forms, each varying in severity:
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Spina bifida occulta. This mildest form results in a small separation or gap in one or more of the bones (vertebrae) of the spine. Because the spinal nerves usually aren't involved, most children with this form of spina bifida have no signs or symptoms and experience no neurological problems.
An abnormal tuft of hair, a collection of fat, a small dimple or a birthmark on the newborn's skin above the spinal defect may be the only visible indication of the condition. Many people who have spina bifida occulta don't even know it, unless the condition is discovered during an X-ray or other imaging test done for unrelated reasons.
- Meningocele. In this rare form, the protective membranes around the spinal cord (meninges) push out through the opening in the vertebrae. Because the spinal cord develops normally, these membranes can be removed by surgery with little or no damage to nerve pathways.
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Myelomeningocele. Also known as open spina bifida, myelomeningocele is the most severe form — and the form people usually mean when they use the term "spina bifida."
In myelomeningocele, the baby's spinal canal remains open along several vertebrae in the lower or middle back. Because of this opening, both the membranes and the spinal cord protrude at birth, forming a sac on the baby's back. In some cases, skin covers the sac. Usually, however, tissues and nerves are exposed, making the baby prone to life-threatening infections.
Neurological impairment — often including loss of movement (paralysis) — is common. So are bowel and bladder problems, seizures and other medical complications.
- Spina bifida fact sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/spina_bifida/detail_spina_bifida.htm. Accessed July 30, 2009.
- Spina bifida. The Merck Manuals: The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec19/ch292/ch292c.html. Accessed July 30, 2009.
- Spina bifida, March of Dimes. http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/4439_1224.asp. Accessed July 30, 2009.
- Hochberg L. Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects. http://www.uptodate.com/index/home.html. Accessed July 30, 2009.
- Ask the doctor archive. Spina Bifida Association. http://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/site/c.liKWL7PLLrF/b.2738091/k.9A71/Risk_Factor.htm. Accessed Aug. 1, 2009.
- Cameron M, et al. Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects. Prenatal Diagnosis. 2009;29:402.
- Routine tests in pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_education/bp133.cfm. Accessed Aug. 1, 2009.
- FAQs about folic acid. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/faqs.html. Accessed July 30, 2009.
- Edwards MJ. Hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy. Birth Defects Research (Part A): Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2006;76:507.
- Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/150/9/626.pdf. Accessed Aug. 24, 2009.
- Harms RW (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 24, 2009.
