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Risk factors
By Mayo Clinic staffTyphoid fever remains a serious worldwide threat — especially in the developing world — affecting more than 21 million people each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The disease is endemic in India, Southeast Asia, Africa, South America and many other areas.
Worldwide, children are at greatest risk of getting the disease, although they generally have milder symptoms than adults do.
If you live in a country where typhoid fever is rare, you're at increased risk if you:
- Work in or travel to areas where typhoid fever is endemic
- Work as a clinical microbiologist handling Salmonella typhi bacteria
- Have close contact with someone who is infected or has recently been infected with typhoid fever
- Have an immune system weakened by medications such as corticosteroids or diseases such as HIV/AIDS
- Drink water contaminated by sewage that contains S. typhi
- Hohmann EL. Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of typhoid fever. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 8, 2010.
- Hohmann EL. Pathogenesis of typhoid fever. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 8, 2010.
- Mintz E. The pre-travel consultation: Travel-related vaccine-preventable diseases: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. In: Brunette GW, et al. CDC Health Information for International Travel 2010. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2009. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/typhoid-paratyphoid-fever.aspx. Accessed March 9, 2010.
- Typhoid fever. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm. Accessed March 9, 2010.
- Levine MM. Typhoid fever. In: Brachman PS, et al. Bacterial infections of humans: Epidemiology and control. 4th ed. New York, N.Y.: Springer; 2009:913.
- Bhutta ZA. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. British Medical Journal. 2006;333:78.
- Kaye KS, et al. Salmonella infections (including typhoid fever). In: Goldman L, et al. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/187350346-3/0/1492/1157.html?tocnode=54626101&fromURL=1157.html#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-2805-5..50334-7_14301. Accessed March 9, 2010.
- Hohmann EL. Treatment and prevention of typhoid fever. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed March 8, 2010.
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