概述

乳腺癌手术是乳腺癌治疗的关键组成部分,涉及通过手术切除癌症。乳腺癌手术可以单独使用,也可以与其他疗法结合使用,比如化学疗法、激素疗法、靶向疗法和放射疗法。

对于乳腺癌风险极高的人来说,乳腺癌手术可能是降低未来乳腺癌风险的一种选择。

乳腺癌手术包括不同的操作方法,比如:

  • 切除整个乳房(乳房切除术)
  • 切除部分乳房组织(肿块切除)
  • 切除附近的淋巴结
  • 切除术后再造乳房

哪种乳腺癌手术最适合您,取决于癌症的大小和阶段、其他治疗选择以及您的目标和偏好。

Types

目的

乳腺癌手术的目的是切除乳腺癌细胞。对于那些选择乳房再造的人来说,放置乳房植入物或用自己的组织再造乳房的手术(皮瓣手术)可以同时进行,也可以在以后的手术中进行。

乳腺癌手术用于治疗大多数阶段的乳腺癌,包括:

  • 高风险乳腺癌。乳腺癌高危人群(基于乳腺癌家族病史、某些非癌性乳房活检结果或基因突变)可能会考虑预防性乳房切除术并立即进行乳房再造或不进行乳房再造,作为预防乳腺癌的一种选择。
  • 非侵袭性乳腺癌。被诊断为导管原位癌 (DCIS) 的患者可能会进行肿块切除术,随后可能会进行放射治疗,但乳房切除术后进行或不进行乳房再造也是一种治疗选择。
  • 早期乳腺癌。小乳腺癌可以通过肿块切除术或乳房切除术后进行或不进行乳房再造来治疗,然后进行放疗,有时进行化疗、激素治疗或靶向治疗。
  • 较大的乳腺癌。较大的乳腺癌可以通过乳腺切除术来治疗,但有时在手术前会使用化疗、激素治疗或靶向治疗,以使肿块切除成为可能。医生可能建议采用放射疗法、化疗、激素治疗或靶向治疗。
  • 局部晚期乳腺癌。若乳腺癌非常大或已经扩散到多个淋巴结,则通常先用化疗、激素治疗或靶向治疗来缩小肿瘤,以提高手术的成功率。这些癌症可以通过乳腺切除术或肿块切除术切除,然后再进行放射疗法治疗。
  • 复发性乳腺癌。初次治疗后复发的乳腺癌可以再次通过手术切除。医生也可能建议进行额外治疗。

外科手术很少用于治疗扩散到身体其他部位的乳腺癌(转移性乳腺癌)。

Breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer surgery is a part of treatment for most breast cancers. It can be used to treat:

  • Noninvasive breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, is noninvasive breast cancer. Treatment typically starts with surgery. Other treatments are often used after surgery. Sometimes surgery is the only treatment needed.
  • Early-stage breast cancer. Early-stage breast cancers include small cancers that haven't spread outside of the breast. Treatment typically starts with surgery. Other treatments are often used after surgery.
  • Locally advanced breast cancers. Locally advanced breast cancers include cancers that have grown larger. They may involve the breast skin or nearby muscles. Inflammatory breast cancer is an example of a locally advanced breast cancer. Treatment typically starts with medicine, followed by surgery. Other treatments are typically used after surgery.
  • Recurrent breast cancer. Breast cancer that returns after initial treatment may be removed with additional surgery. Additional treatments may be recommended before and after surgery.

Surgery isn't typically used to treat breast cancer that spreads outside the breast.

Breast cancer prevention

A preventive mastectomy is surgery to prevent breast cancer. It involves removing the breast tissue from both breasts in someone who doesn't have breast cancer. It's also called a prophylactic mastectomy or risk-reducing mastectomy. It might be an option if you have a high risk of breast cancer. This generally means having a strong family history of breast cancer or inherited DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer.

风险

乳腺癌手术是一种安全的手术,但也略有并发症风险,包括:

  • 出血
  • 感染
  • 手术部位积液(血清肿)
  • 疼痛
  • 永久瘢痕形成
  • 胸部和重建乳房的感觉丧失或改变
  • 伤口愈合问题
  • 手臂肿胀(淋巴水肿)
  • 手术期间用来使您进入类似睡眠状态的药物的相关风险,例如紊乱、肌肉酸痛和呕吐

如何进行准备

与乳腺癌外科医生讨论您的方案

您与乳腺癌外科医生的初次会面将帮助您了解您的治疗方案以及手术预期。为这次会面做准备,列出需要咨询的问题,例如:

  • 对于我的特殊情况,哪种手术方案最适合我?
  • 每种方案是否提供了相同的乳腺癌治疗机会?
  • 需要切除多少乳房组织?
  • 是否需要同时切除健康的乳房?
  • 我需要做几次手术?
  • 有哪些再造方案?
  • 再造手术可以与癌症手术同时进行吗?
  • 乳房在术后外观如何?乳房看起来能否一样?
  • 您能否给我看看其他接受过这项手术的患者照片?
  • 如果我选择放弃乳房再造,我的乳房会变成什么样子?
  • 手术是否安全?
  • 我要在医院休息多长时间?
  • 我需要多长时间恢复?什么时候可以返回工作?
  • 您做过多少次乳腺癌手术?
  • 如果您有一个家庭成员和我一样,您会有什么建议?

乳腺癌外科医生将与进行乳房再造的整形外科医生密切合作。如果您计划接受乳房再造手术,也需要约诊来讨论相关方案。

可能出现的情况

保留乳头的乳房切除术,胸肌前重建

妙佑医疗国际普外科 Amy Degnim,医学博士:通过这种手术方案,我们可以打造出令人惊喜的美容效果。

Jeff Olson:乳腺癌外科医生 Amy Degnim 博士介绍说,这个团队式手术的第一阶段是保留乳头乳房切除术,即切除癌变的乳腺组织,同时尽可能保留包括乳头和乳晕在内的所有皮肤。

Degnim 博士:如此一来,乳房重建后的效果会较为自然。

Jeff Olson:手术的第二阶段是胸肌前乳房再造术,可使乳房外观更加逼近自然效果。

妙佑医疗国际整形外科 Valerie Lemaine,医学博士:一旦确认切口边缘清晰,就该我进手术室了。

Jeff Olson:整形外科医生 Valerie Lemaine 博士解释道,与传统乳房再造术将植入物放置在胸肌后侧不同,胸肌前乳房再造术是将植入物放置在胸肌前侧。

Lemaine 博士:胸肌前乳房再造术的主要优点在于植入物的位置与乳房原先的解剖位置一致。此外,这一手术期间无需对胸肌进行操作,疼痛必然会有所减轻。

Degnim 博士:我们希望广大女性患者能够了解到,这对于许多人而言是一种治疗选择。

Jeff Olson:妙佑医疗国际新闻网 Jeff Olson 报道。

乳腺癌手术期间

乳腺癌手术需要在医院进行。在手术之前,您会先接受药物(全身麻醉),以保持睡眠状态。

手术期间会发生什么情况取决于手术,但您可以预计以下情况:

  • 乳房上的切口,可切除癌症部位和周围组织。切除多少组织取决于您进行的乳房切除术是切除部分乳房组织还是切除全部乳房组织。切口的位置和长度取决于癌症在乳房中的位置。
  • 对腋窝淋巴结的评估。在前哨淋巴结活检期间,外科医生会切除一些最有可能首先引流到肿瘤的淋巴结(前哨淋巴结)。然后检测这些淋巴结是否有癌病变。如果没有癌症,则无需切除其他淋巴结。

    如果发现癌症,医生可能会在手术后切除更多的淋巴结或建议对淋巴结进行放射疗法。有时两种淋巴结治疗方法会结合使用。

  • 切口的闭合。外科医生会根据您的外貌闭合切口。将采用可降解医用手术缝线以减少瘢痕形成。
  • 重建(根据您的选择)。如果您要进行乳房切除术并选择乳房再造,则通常在癌症手术时开始乳房再造。在某些情况下,重建可能会延迟,并且需要单独进行手术。

乳腺癌手术后

手术后,您可能:

  • 被带到康复室,医生会在这里监测您的血压、脉搏和呼吸
  • 手术部位会包扎敷料(绷带)
  • 腋下区域可能会感到疼痛和麻木,并且有挤压感
  • 医生将告知如何在家进行自我护理,包括护理切口和引流管、识别感染征兆并了解活动限制
  • 和医护团队谈谈何时可以恢复戴胸罩或乳房假体
  • 获得止痛药和抗生素处方
  • 恢复正常饮食
  • 手术后第二天洗澡

如果您还要进行乳房再造,则在乳房切除术后还需要住院一晚。如果只是进行乳房切除术而不进行再造或肿块切除,则可以在手术当天离开医院。

结果

The results of your breast cancer surgery will show whether all of the cancer was removed. Ask your healthcare team when you can expect to know the results of your surgery. Your care team may talk about the results with you at a follow-up appointment. Or they may contact you with the results.

If you choose to have breast reconstruction, you may need more surgery. Breast reconstruction often takes more than one operation to complete.

Many people with breast cancer have other treatments after surgery. Common treatments used after surgery include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy. When you might begin other treatments depends on your cancer. Ask your healthcare team what to expect.

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

在 Mayo Clinic 治疗

April 10, 2024
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